ABC of orthopaedics and trauma

Table Of Contents
Intro
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Foreword
Contributors
Preface
Abbreviations
Chapter 1 General Overview
Introduction
Epidemiology
Definitions
History
Examination
Reading radiographs
Examples of presenting radiographs
Common fracture classifications
Principles of fracture fixation
Principles of fracture management
Complications of fractures
Education and training
Future of trauma and orthopaedics
Further reading
Chapter 2 Epidemiology of Musculoskeletal Disease
Introduction
Osteoarthritis and  join t replacement
Theory of aetiology
Osteoporosis, trauma, and fractures
Gender differences
Incidence
Further Reading
Chapter 3 Orthopaedic Investigations
Introduction
Radiological imaging
Radiographs (plain X-rays)
Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)
Computerised tomography (CT)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Arthrograms
Ultrasound
Nuclear medicine
Body scans
Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
Positron emission tomography (PET)
Neurophysiological tests
Nerve conduction studies
Electromyography (EMG)
Laboratory investigations
Microbiology
Biopsy
Histology
Cytology
Blood tests
Further reading
Chapter 4 Orthopaedic Trauma
Introduction
Polytrauma
Advance trauma life support
Management of patients with multiple fractures in polytrauma
Early total care versus damage control orthopaedics
Fracture pathology
Fracture terminology
Basic principles of fracture management
Stabilisation of fractures
Nonoperative versus operative management
Special situations
Trauma radiology
Further reading
Chapter 5 Management of Adult Fractures
Causes
Upper-limb fractures
Clavicle
Proximal humerus
Mid-humerus
Distal humerus
Wrist
Lower-limb fractures
Pelvis
Hip
Femur
Knee
Tibia
Ankle
Others
Spine
Open fractures
Peri-prosthetic fractures
Stress fractures
Further reading
Chapter 6 Shoulder and Elbow
Anatomy of proximal humerus
History
Symptoms
Examination
Investigations
Ultrasound scan (USS)
MRI scan
Subacromial impingement
Calcific tendinitis
Rotator cuff tears
Supraspinatus tear
Adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder)
Instability
Introduction
Examination
Traumatic
Nerve palsy
Atraumatic
Other
Proximal humeral fractures
Glenohumeral osteoarthritis
Elbow conditions
Tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis)
Golfer’s elbow (medial epicondylitis)
Distal biceps tendon rupture
Olecranon bursitis
Arthritides
Cubital tunnel syndrome
Further reading
Chapter 7 Hand and Wrist
General clinical assessment
Elective conditions
Traumatic conditions
Physical examination
Vascular status
Neurological status
Nerve compression syndromes
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Cubital tunnel syndrome
Ulnar clawing and ulnar nerve paradox
Tendon compression syndrome
Stenosing tenosynovitis
Trigger finger
de Quervain’s tenosynovitis
Other tendon compression syndromes
Dupuytrens disease
Degenerative conditions
Osteoarthritis
First carpometacarpal (CMC) join t
Posttraumatic OA
Rheumatoid arthritis
Ganglion
Inflammation and infection
Hand trauma
Wrist injuries
Scaphoid fractures
Further reading
Chapter 8 Pelvis and Acetabulum
The pelvis
Anatomy
Imaging
Classification of pelvic injuries
Treatment of pelvic injuries
Associated urological trauma
Open injury
External fixation (ExFix)
Definitive reconstruction
Prognosis
Acetabulum
Anatomy
Imaging
Classification
Treatment
Prognosis
Further reading
Chapter 9 The Hip
Anatomy
MSk anatomy
Vascular supply
History
Clinical examination
General conditions
Hip fractures
Clinical burden
Mechanism of injury
Diagnostic imaging
Extracapsular hip fractures
Intracapsular neck of femur fractures
Undisplaced
Displaced in the young
Displaced in the elderly
Outline of hip fracture guidance
Osteoarthritis of the hip
Overview
Symptoms and signs
Diagnostic Imaging
Management
Total hip replacement
Inflammatory arthritis of hip
Avascular necrosis of hip
Trochanteric bursitis
Labral tear
Femoroacetabular impingement
Further reading
Chapter 10 The Knee
Anatomy and function
Tibiofemoral
Patellofemoral join t
Blood supply
Nerve supply
History and examination
Osteoarthritis
Background
Symptoms
Imaging
Treatment options
Total knee replacement (TKR)
Unicompartmental knee replacement (UKR)
Management of osteoarthritis: overview
Sports injuries
Meniscal tears
Background
Symptoms and signs
Imaging
Management
ACL tears
Extensor mechanism rupture
Mechanism of injury
Examination
Imaging
Management
Anterior knee pain
Patellar instability
Osgood-Schlatter disease (OSD)
Patella chon drop athy
Patella/Quadriceps tendinitis
Prepatellar bursitis
Further reading
Chapter 11 Foot and Ankle
Anatomy
Pain
Hallux valgus (b union )
Aetiology
Presentation
Examination
Treatment
Hallux rigidus
Presentation and examination
Treatment
Metatarsalgia
Aetiology
Presentation
Treatment
Morton’s neuroma
Aetiology
Presentation, examination, and investigations
Treatment
Claw, hammer, and mallet toe deformities
Plantar f ascii tis
Presentation and examination
Investigation
Treatment
Acquired adult flat foot (plano-valgus)
Presentation and examination
Treatment
Cavus Foot (cavo-varus)
Treatment
Ankle arthritis
Treatment
Foot arthritis
Achilles tendon disease
Types and examination
Investigations
Ankle fractures and dislocation
Management
Calcaneal fractures
Acknowledgements
Further reading
Chapter 12 Spine
Introduction
Anatomy
History
Examination
Structural spinal pathology
Slipped disc and discogenic back pain
Cause
Presentation
Examination
Imaging
Management
Disc degeneration
Sciatica
Cause
Presentation
Examination
Investigations
Management
Spinal narrowing (stenosis)
Cause
Presentation
Management
Facet join t arthropathy
Cause
Presentation
Differentials
Management
Spondylosis, spondylolysis, and spondylolisthesis
Cause
Presentation
Management
Congenital
Low mechanical back pain
Deformity
Tumours of the spine
Infections of the spine
Spinal trauma
Background
Cause
Presentation
Resuscitation
Examination
Initial management
Complication
Imaging
Fractures
Background
Classification
Management
Further reading
Chapter 13 Paediatric Orthopaedics
Anatomy of a paediatric bone
Injuries during childbirth
Management
Fractures during childhood
Introduction
Classification
Clinical assessment of paediatric fractures
Management
Nonaccidental injury (NAI)
Cerebral palsy (CP)
Introduction
Aetiology
Presentation
Classification
Management
Spina Bifida
Background
Presentation
Management
Metabolic Bone Disease
Rickets
Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI)
Bone dysplasias
Achon drop lasia
Paediatric Hip Disorders
Developmental dysplasia of hip (DDH)
Perthes disease
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE)
Transient synovitis
Paediatric knee disorders
Genu valgum/varum
Osgood-Schlatter disease
Paediatric knee injuries
Foot and ankle disorders
Congenital talipes equinovarus (clubfoot)
Metatarsus adductus
Further reading
Chapter 14 Orthopaedic Emergencies
Chapter 14.1 Emergency: Dislocated Hip
Introduction
Mechanism of injury
Examination
Imaging
Management
Further reading
Chapter 14.2 Emergency: Locked Knee and Dislocation
Locked knee
Background
Pathophysiology
Meniscal injuries
Presentation
Examination
Symptoms of acute meniscal injury
Loose bodies
Chondral or osteochondral fragments
Nonmechanical locking
Investigation
Treatment
Rehabilitation and follow-up
Knee dislocations
Definition
Epidemiology
Clinical examination
Imaging
Management
Acknowledgements
Further reading
Chapter 14.3 Emergency: Acute Shoulder Dislocation
Anterior dislocation
Reduction
Posterior dislocation
Treatment
Further reading
Chapter 14.4 Emergency: Supracondylar Fractures of Distal Humerus in Children
Introduction
Relevant anatomy
Clinical assessment
History
Examination
Imaging
Management
Technique of closed reduction
Further reading
Chapter 14.5 Emergency: Septic Arthritis
Introduction
Aetiology
Pathology
Microbiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnoses
Management
Prognosis
Further reading
Chapter 14.6 Compartment Syndrome
Introduction
Definition
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Further reading
Chapter 14.7 Emergency: Cauda Equina Syndrome
Further reading
Chapter 15 Orthopaedic Procedures
join t injection and aspiration
Procedure
Common injection sites and landmarks
Carpal tunnel (Figure 15.4)
Wrist (Figure 15.5)
Knee join t (Figure 15.6)
Ankle (Figure 15.7)
Common orthopaedic surgical approaches
Shoulder arthroscopy
Knee arthroscopy
Approach to hip join t
Approach to knee join t
Carpal tunnel decompression
Further reading
Chapter 16 Prevention and Postoperative Care
Fragility fractures of the hip
Background
Falls assessment and prevention
Identification and treatment of osteoporosis
Complications in postoperative recovery
Immediate complications
Internal and external haemorrhage
Electrolyte imbalance
Early/medium-term complications
Postoperative infections
Medical complications (respiratory, urinary, cardiovascular, etc.)
Pressure sores and ulcers
Thromboembolic events: Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE)
Compartment syndrome
Late/long-term complications
join t stiffness
delay ed union, mal union, and non union
Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS)
Avascular necrosis (AVN)
Heterotopic ossification
Metalwork complications including protrusion, irritation, and dislocation of prosthesis
Further reading
Chapter 17 Osteoarthritis
Introduction
Prevalence
Aetiology
Genetic risk factors
Constitutional risk factors
Biomechanical risk factors
History
Examination
Investigations
Treatment options
Conservative interventions
Medical intervention
Minimally invasive interventions
Major surgery
Future direction
Further reading
Chapter 18 Inflammatory Diseases
Rheumatoid arthritis
Background
Incidence and prevalence
Aetiology
Clinical findings
Investigations
Diagnosis
Management
Complications
Seronegative spondyloarthropathies
Introduction
Incidence and prevalence
Aetiology
Clinical findings
Initial investigations
Ankylosing spondylitis
Background
Diagnosis
Examination
Management
Other inflammatory arthritides
Reactive arthritis
Enteropathic arthritis
Psoriatic arthritis
General approach to the management of SpAs
Sacroilitis and spondylitis
Peripheral join t disease
Further reading
Chapter 19 Bone and  join t Infections
General aspects of infection
Acute osteomyelitis
Aetiology
Pathology
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnoses
Treatment
Complications of osteomyelitis
Subacute osteomyelitis
Chronic osteomyelitis
Clinical Features
Imaging
Treatment
Prosthetic join t infection
Pathology
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
Tuberculosis (TB)
Pathology
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
Poliomyelitis
Clinical Features
Treatment
Discitis
Further reading
Chapter 20 Metabolic Bone Diseases
Background
Osteoporosis
Risk factors
Aetiology
Clinical presentation
Assessment
Management of osteoporosis through lifestyle changes
Management of osteoporosis through pharmacological options
Paget’s disease
Investigations
Management
Gout
Presentation
Aetiology
Investigations
Management
Renal osteodystrophy
Further reading
Chapter 21 Bone and Soft Tissue Tumours
Presentation
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Management
Prognosis
NICE guidelines for referral
Bone tumours
Osteochondroma
Osteoid osteoma
Osteosarcoma
Ewing sarcoma
Enchondroma
Chondrosarcoma
Unicameral/aneurysmal bone cyst
Giant cell tumour of bone
Multiple myeloma
Fibrous dysplasia
Soft tissue tumours
Lipomas
Liposarcoma
Arterio-venous malformation (AVM)
Angiosarcoma
Schwannoma
Neurofibroma
Fibromatosis
Fibrosarcoma
Treatment strategies
Resection margins
Radiotherapy
Chemotherapy
Further reading
Chapter 22 Peripheral Nerve Injury (PNI)
Structure
Anatomy
Nerve injury
Aetiology
Classifications of nerve injury
Degenerative lesions (axonotmesis and neurotmesis)
Nondegenerative lesions: Conduction block (aka neurapraxia)
Clinical evaluation
History
Examination
Investigations
Management
Common peripheral nerve injuries
Conclusion
Further reading
Chapter 23 Orthopaedic Biomechanics
Biomechanics
Free body diagram
Deforming Forces
Biomaterials
Further reading
Chapter 24 Tools of the Trade
Theatre design and considerations
Laminar flow
Different operating tables and setups
Implant types
Hips
Knees
Shoulders
Implant sciences
Implant design
Implant fixation
Cement
History of cement
Cement composition
Cement preparation
Bone cement implantation syndrome (BCIS)
Plates, screws, Kirschner (K-wires)
Screws
Kirschner wires (K-wires)
Sutures
Wound management
Postoperative weight-bearing status
Mobility aids
Immobilisation devices
Acknowledgement
References
index
EULA
Table Of Contents
Intro
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Foreword
Contributors
Preface
Abbreviations
Chapter 1 General Overview
Introduction
Epidemiology
Definitions
History
Examination
Reading radiographs
Examples of presenting radiographs
Common fracture classifications
Principles of fracture fixation
Principles of fracture management
Complications of fractures
Education and training
Future of trauma and orthopaedics
Further reading
Chapter 2 Epidemiology of Musculoskeletal Disease
Introduction
Osteoarthritis and  join t replacement
Theory of aetiology
Osteoporosis, trauma, and fractures
Gender differences
Incidence
Further Reading
Chapter 3 Orthopaedic Investigations
Introduction
Radiological imaging
Radiographs (plain X-rays)
Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)
Computerised tomography (CT)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Arthrograms
Ultrasound
Nuclear medicine
Body scans
Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
Positron emission tomography (PET)
Neurophysiological tests
Nerve conduction studies
Electromyography (EMG)
Laboratory investigations
Microbiology
Biopsy
Histology
Cytology
Blood tests
Further reading
Chapter 4 Orthopaedic Trauma
Introduction
Polytrauma
Advance trauma life support
Management of patients with multiple fractures in polytrauma
Early total care versus damage control orthopaedics
Fracture pathology
Fracture terminology
Basic principles of fracture management
Stabilisation of fractures
Nonoperative versus operative management
Special situations
Trauma radiology
Further reading
Chapter 5 Management of Adult Fractures
Causes
Upper-limb fractures
Clavicle
Proximal humerus
Mid-humerus
Distal humerus
Wrist
Lower-limb fractures
Pelvis
Hip
Femur
Knee
Tibia
Ankle
Others
Spine
Open fractures
Peri-prosthetic fractures
Stress fractures
Further reading
Chapter 6 Shoulder and Elbow
Anatomy of proximal humerus
History
Symptoms
Examination
Investigations
Ultrasound scan (USS)
MRI scan
Subacromial impingement
Calcific tendinitis
Rotator cuff tears
Supraspinatus tear
Adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder)
Instability
Introduction
Examination
Traumatic
Nerve palsy
Atraumatic
Other
Proximal humeral fractures
Glenohumeral osteoarthritis
Elbow conditions
Tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis)
Golfer’s elbow (medial epicondylitis)
Distal biceps tendon rupture
Olecranon bursitis
Arthritides
Cubital tunnel syndrome
Further reading
Chapter 7 Hand and Wrist
General clinical assessment
Elective conditions
Traumatic conditions
Physical examination
Vascular status
Neurological status
Nerve compression syndromes
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Cubital tunnel syndrome
Ulnar clawing and ulnar nerve paradox
Tendon compression syndrome
Stenosing tenosynovitis
Trigger finger
de Quervain’s tenosynovitis
Other tendon compression syndromes
Dupuytrens disease
Degenerative conditions
Osteoarthritis
First carpometacarpal (CMC) join t
Posttraumatic OA
Rheumatoid arthritis
Ganglion
Inflammation and infection
Hand trauma
Wrist injuries
Scaphoid fractures
Further reading
Chapter 8 Pelvis and Acetabulum
The pelvis
Anatomy
Imaging
Classification of pelvic injuries
Treatment of pelvic injuries
Associated urological trauma
Open injury
External fixation (ExFix)
Definitive reconstruction
Prognosis
Acetabulum
Anatomy
Imaging
Classification
Treatment
Prognosis
Further reading
Chapter 9 The Hip
Anatomy
MSk anatomy
Vascular supply
History
Clinical examination
General conditions
Hip fractures
Clinical burden
Mechanism of injury
Diagnostic imaging
Extracapsular hip fractures
Intracapsular neck of femur fractures
Undisplaced
Displaced in the young
Displaced in the elderly
Outline of hip fracture guidance
Osteoarthritis of the hip
Overview
Symptoms and signs
Diagnostic Imaging
Management
Total hip replacement
Inflammatory arthritis of hip
Avascular necrosis of hip
Trochanteric bursitis
Labral tear
Femoroacetabular impingement
Further reading
Chapter 10 The Knee
Anatomy and function
Tibiofemoral
Patellofemoral join t
Blood supply
Nerve supply
History and examination
Osteoarthritis
Background
Symptoms
Imaging
Treatment options
Total knee replacement (TKR)
Unicompartmental knee replacement (UKR)
Management of osteoarthritis: overview
Sports injuries
Meniscal tears
Background
Symptoms and signs
Imaging
Management
ACL tears
Extensor mechanism rupture
Mechanism of injury
Examination
Imaging
Management
Anterior knee pain
Patellar instability
Osgood-Schlatter disease (OSD)
Patella chon drop athy
Patella/Quadriceps tendinitis
Prepatellar bursitis
Further reading
Chapter 11 Foot and Ankle
Anatomy
Pain
Hallux valgus (b union )
Aetiology
Presentation
Examination
Treatment
Hallux rigidus
Presentation and examination
Treatment
Metatarsalgia
Aetiology
Presentation
Treatment
Morton’s neuroma
Aetiology
Presentation, examination, and investigations
Treatment
Claw, hammer, and mallet toe deformities
Plantar f ascii tis
Presentation and examination
Investigation
Treatment
Acquired adult flat foot (plano-valgus)
Presentation and examination
Treatment
Cavus Foot (cavo-varus)
Treatment
Ankle arthritis
Treatment
Foot arthritis
Achilles tendon disease
Types and examination
Investigations
Ankle fractures and dislocation
Management
Calcaneal fractures
Acknowledgements
Further reading
Chapter 12 Spine
Introduction
Anatomy
History
Examination
Structural spinal pathology
Slipped disc and discogenic back pain
Cause
Presentation
Examination
Imaging
Management
Disc degeneration
Sciatica
Cause
Presentation
Examination
Investigations
Management
Spinal narrowing (stenosis)
Cause
Presentation
Management
Facet join t arthropathy
Cause
Presentation
Differentials
Management
Spondylosis, spondylolysis, and spondylolisthesis
Cause
Presentation
Management
Congenital
Low mechanical back pain
Deformity
Tumours of the spine
Infections of the spine
Spinal trauma
Background
Cause
Presentation
Resuscitation
Examination
Initial management
Complication
Imaging
Fractures
Background
Classification
Management
Further reading
Chapter 13 Paediatric Orthopaedics
Anatomy of a paediatric bone
Injuries during childbirth
Management
Fractures during childhood
Introduction
Classification
Clinical assessment of paediatric fractures
Management
Nonaccidental injury (NAI)
Cerebral palsy (CP)
Introduction
Aetiology
Presentation
Classification
Management
Spina Bifida
Background
Presentation
Management
Metabolic Bone Disease
Rickets
Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI)
Bone dysplasias
Achon drop lasia
Paediatric Hip Disorders
Developmental dysplasia of hip (DDH)
Perthes disease
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE)
Transient synovitis
Paediatric knee disorders
Genu valgum/varum
Osgood-Schlatter disease
Paediatric knee injuries
Foot and ankle disorders
Congenital talipes equinovarus (clubfoot)
Metatarsus adductus
Further reading
Chapter 14 Orthopaedic Emergencies
Chapter 14.1 Emergency: Dislocated Hip
Introduction
Mechanism of injury
Examination
Imaging
Management
Further reading
Chapter 14.2 Emergency: Locked Knee and Dislocation
Locked knee
Background
Pathophysiology
Meniscal injuries
Presentation
Examination
Symptoms of acute meniscal injury
Loose bodies
Chondral or osteochondral fragments
Nonmechanical locking
Investigation
Treatment
Rehabilitation and follow-up
Knee dislocations
Definition
Epidemiology
Clinical examination
Imaging
Management
Acknowledgements
Further reading
Chapter 14.3 Emergency: Acute Shoulder Dislocation
Anterior dislocation
Reduction
Posterior dislocation
Treatment
Further reading
Chapter 14.4 Emergency: Supracondylar Fractures of Distal Humerus in Children
Introduction
Relevant anatomy
Clinical assessment
History
Examination
Imaging
Management
Technique of closed reduction
Further reading
Chapter 14.5 Emergency: Septic Arthritis
Introduction
Aetiology
Pathology
Microbiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnoses
Management
Prognosis
Further reading
Chapter 14.6 Compartment Syndrome
Introduction
Definition
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Further reading
Chapter 14.7 Emergency: Cauda Equina Syndrome
Further reading
Chapter 15 Orthopaedic Procedures
join t injection and aspiration
Procedure
Common injection sites and landmarks
Carpal tunnel (Figure 15.4)
Wrist (Figure 15.5)
Knee join t (Figure 15.6)
Ankle (Figure 15.7)
Common orthopaedic surgical approaches
Shoulder arthroscopy
Knee arthroscopy
Approach to hip join t
Approach to knee join t
Carpal tunnel decompression
Further reading
Chapter 16 Prevention and Postoperative Care
Fragility fractures of the hip
Background
Falls assessment and prevention
Identification and treatment of osteoporosis
Complications in postoperative recovery
Immediate complications
Internal and external haemorrhage
Electrolyte imbalance
Early/medium-term complications
Postoperative infections
Medical complications (respiratory, urinary, cardiovascular, etc.)
Pressure sores and ulcers
Thromboembolic events: Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE)
Compartment syndrome
Late/long-term complications
join t stiffness
delay ed union, mal union, and non union
Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS)
Avascular necrosis (AVN)
Heterotopic ossification
Metalwork complications including protrusion, irritation, and dislocation of prosthesis
Further reading
Chapter 17 Osteoarthritis
Introduction
Prevalence
Aetiology
Genetic risk factors
Constitutional risk factors
Biomechanical risk factors
History
Examination
Investigations
Treatment options
Conservative interventions
Medical intervention
Minimally invasive interventions
Major surgery
Future direction
Further reading
Chapter 18 Inflammatory Diseases
Rheumatoid arthritis
Background
Incidence and prevalence
Aetiology
Clinical findings
Investigations
Diagnosis
Management
Complications
Seronegative spondyloarthropathies
Introduction
Incidence and prevalence
Aetiology
Clinical findings
Initial investigations
Ankylosing spondylitis
Background
Diagnosis
Examination
Management
Other inflammatory arthritides
Reactive arthritis
Enteropathic arthritis
Psoriatic arthritis
General approach to the management of SpAs
Sacroilitis and spondylitis
Peripheral join t disease
Further reading
Chapter 19 Bone and  join t Infections
General aspects of infection
Acute osteomyelitis
Aetiology
Pathology
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnoses
Treatment
Complications of osteomyelitis
Subacute osteomyelitis
Chronic osteomyelitis
Clinical Features
Imaging
Treatment
Prosthetic join t infection
Pathology
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
Tuberculosis (TB)
Pathology
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
Poliomyelitis
Clinical Features
Treatment
Discitis
Further reading
Chapter 20 Metabolic Bone Diseases
Background
Osteoporosis
Risk factors
Aetiology
Clinical presentation
Assessment
Management of osteoporosis through lifestyle changes
Management of osteoporosis through pharmacological options
Paget’s disease
Investigations
Management
Gout
Presentation
Aetiology
Investigations
Management
Renal osteodystrophy
Further reading
Chapter 21 Bone and Soft Tissue Tumours
Presentation
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Management
Prognosis
NICE guidelines for referral
Bone tumours
Osteochondroma
Osteoid osteoma
Osteosarcoma
Ewing sarcoma
Enchondroma
Chondrosarcoma
Unicameral/aneurysmal bone cyst
Giant cell tumour of bone
Multiple myeloma
Fibrous dysplasia
Soft tissue tumours
Lipomas
Liposarcoma
Arterio-venous malformation (AVM)
Angiosarcoma
Schwannoma
Neurofibroma
Fibromatosis
Fibrosarcoma
Treatment strategies
Resection margins
Radiotherapy
Chemotherapy
Further reading
Chapter 22 Peripheral Nerve Injury (PNI)
Structure
Anatomy
Nerve injury
Aetiology
Classifications of nerve injury
Degenerative lesions (axonotmesis and neurotmesis)
Nondegenerative lesions: Conduction block (aka neurapraxia)
Clinical evaluation
History
Examination
Investigations
Management
Common peripheral nerve injuries
Conclusion
Further reading
Chapter 23 Orthopaedic Biomechanics
Biomechanics
Free body diagram
Deforming Forces
Biomaterials
Further reading
Chapter 24 Tools of the Trade
Theatre design and considerations
Laminar flow
Different operating tables and setups
Implant types
Hips
Knees
Shoulders
Implant sciences
Implant design
Implant fixation
Cement
History of cement
Cement composition
Cement preparation
Bone cement implantation syndrome (BCIS)
Plates, screws, Kirschner (K-wires)
Screws
Kirschner wires (K-wires)
Sutures
Wound management
Postoperative weight-bearing status
Mobility aids
Immobilisation devices
Acknowledgement
References
index
EULA