First Aid for the® USMLE Step 1 2023: A Student-to-Student Guide کتاب

First Aid for the® USMLE Step 1 2023: A Student-to-Student Guide

Copyright © 2023 by Tao Le and Vikas Bhushan. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as
permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed
in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of
the publisher.
Previous editions copyright © 1991 through 2022 by Tao Le and Vikas Bhushan. First edition copyright © 1990, 1989
by Vikas Bhushan, Jeffrey Hansen, and Edward Hon.
Photo and line art credits for this book begin on page 757 and are considered an extension of this copyright page.
Portions of this book identified with the symbol are copyright © USMLE-Rx.com (MedIQ Learning, LLC).
Portions of this book identified with the symbol are copyright © Dr. Richard Usatine.
Portions of this book identified with the symbol are under license from other third parties. Please refer to page 757
for a complete list of those image source attribution notices.
First Aid for the® is a registered trademark of McGraw Hill.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 LMN 27 26 25 24 23 22
ISBN 978-1-264-94662-4
MHID 1-264-94662-7

Contributing Authors vii
Associate Authors viii
Faculty Advisors ix
Preface xi
Special Acknowledgments xii
General Acknowledgments xiii
How to Contribute xv
How to Use This Book xvii
select ed USMLE Laboratory Values xviii
First Aid Checklist for the USMLE Step 1 xx

` S E C T I O N I GUIDE TO EFFICIENT EXAM PREPARATION 1
Introduction 2
USMLE Step 1—The Basics 2
Learning Strategies 11
Timeline for Study 14
Study Materials 18
Test-Taking Strategies 19
Clinical Vignette Strategies 21
If You Think You Failed 22
Testing Agencies 22
References 23
` S E C T I O N I S U P P L EME N T SPECIAL SITUATIONS 25
` S E C T I O N I I HIGH-YIELD GENERAL PRINCIPLES 27
How to Use the database 28
Biochemistry 31
Immunology 93
Microbiology 121
Pathology 201
Pharmacology 227
Public Health Sciences 255

` S E C T I O N I I I HIGH-YIELD ORGAN SYSTEMS 279
Approaching the Organ Systems 280
Cardiovascular 283
Endocrine 329
Gastrointestinal 363
Hematology and Oncology 409
Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue 449
Neurology and Special Senses 499
Psychiatry 571
Renal 597
Reproductive 631
Respiratory 679
Rapid Review 709
` S E C T I O N I V TOP-RATED REVIEW RESOURCES 741
How to Use the database 742
Question Banks 744
Web and Mobile Apps 744
Comprehensive 745
Anatomy, Embryology, and Neuroscience 745
Behavioral Science 746
Biochemistry 746
Cell Biology and Histology 746
Microbiology and Immunology 746
Pathology 747
Pharmacology 747
Physiology 748`
Abbreviations and Symbols 749
Image Acknowledgments 757
index 775
About the Editors 828

CHRISTIAN FAABORG-ANDERSEN, MD
Resident, Department of Medicine
Massachusetts General Hospital
ANNA LIGOCKI, MD, MS
Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
FAATEH AHMAD RAUF, MBBS
CMH Lahore Medical College and Institute of Dentistry, Pakistan
JAIMIE LYNN ROGNER, MD, MPH
Resident, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics
University of Rochester Medical Center
PHILLIP YANG, MD, MSE
Resident, Department of Anesthesiology
Washington University–St. Louis
ELENI BOUZIANI
University of Athens Medical School, Greece
JULIANA MAYA CASTRO, MD
Research Fellow, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Fundación Valle de Lili, Universidad Icesi, Colombia
CAROLINA CABAN RIVERA
Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University
Class of 2025
COLLIN ANDREW WEINTRAUB, MD
Resident, Department of General Surgery
State University of New York, Upstate
Image and Illustration Team
YOOREE GRACE CHUNG
Emory University School of Medicine
MD/PhD Candidate
SEAN EVANS, MD
Resident, Department of Internal Medicine
Emory University School of Medicine
ANGEL XIAO, MD
Resident, Department of Orthopedic Surgery
University of California, San Francisco
NIKITHA CRASTA, MBBS
Mangalore, India
ANA GOGOLASHVILI, MD
Tbilisi State Medical University, Georgia

Special Acknowledgments
This has been a collaborative project from the start. We gratefully acknowledge the thousands of thoughtful
comments, corrections, and advice of the many medical students, international medical graduates, and faculty who
have supported the authors in our continuing development of First Aid for the USMLE Step 1.
We provide special acknowledgment and thanks to the following individuals who made exemplary contributions
to this edition through our voting, proofreading, and crowdsourcing platform: Amalia D. Ardeljan, Heather Beyea,
Avneet Kaur, Yekaterina Khamzina, Alexandra Jan Mrani, and Ajay Ajit Pal Singh.
For support and encouragement throughout the process, we are grateful to Thao Pham, Jinky Flang, and Jonathan
Kirsch, Esq. Thanks to Louise Petersen for organizing and supporting the project. Thanks to our publisher, McGraw
Hill, for the valuable assistance of its staff, including Bob Boehringer, Jeffrey Herzich, Christina Thomas, Kristian
Sanford, and Don Goyette.
We are also very grateful to Dr. Fred Howell and Dr. Robert Cannon of Textensor Ltd for providing us extensive
customization and support for their powerful Annotate.co collaborative editing platform (www.annotate.co), which
allows us to efficiently manage thousands of contributions. Thanks to Dr. Richard Usatine and Dr. Kristine Krafts
for their outstanding image contributions. Thanks also to Jean-Christophe Fournet (www.humpath.com), Dr. Ed
Uthman, and Dr. Frank Gaillard (www.radiopaedia.org) for generously allowing us to access some of their striking
photographs.
For exceptional editorial leadership, enormous thanks to Megan Chandler. Special thanks to our index er, Dr.
Anne Fifer. We are also grateful to our art manager, Susan Mazik, and illustrators, Stephanie Jones and Rachael
Joy, for their creative work on the new and updated illustrations. Lastly, tremendous thanks to our compositor,
GW Inc., especially Anne Banning, Gary Clark, Cindy Geiss, Denise Smith, and Gabby Sullivan.
Louisville Tao Le
Boracay Vikas Bhushan
Baltimore Connie Qiu
Kathmandu Anup Chalise
Athens Panagiotis Kaparaliotis
Atlanta Caroline Coleman
San Francisco Kimberly Kallianos